The principle of "separation of powers" is a concept developed by which philosopher?

The principle of "separation of powers" was developed by the French philosopher Montesquieu in his work "The Spirit of the Laws," published in 1748. Montesquieu's idea was revolutionary in that he argued for dividing government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power and to safeguard political freedom. He identified three branches of government: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial, each with its own functions and responsibilities. This concept has greatly influenced modern democratic governments, including the Constitution of the United States, which embodies this principle to ensure a system of checks and balances.

In contrast, the other philosophers mentioned had different focuses: John Locke emphasized natural rights and the social contract; Thomas Hobbes discussed the necessity of a strong central authority to avoid chaos; and Jean-Jacques Rousseau concentrated on popular sovereignty and the general will. While all these thinkers contributed significantly to political philosophy, it was Montesquieu who specifically articulated the separation of powers concept.