What natural feature heavily influenced the development of Mesopotamian civilization?

The Tigris and Euphrates rivers were crucial to the development of Mesopotamian civilization due to their role in providing water for irrigation and supporting agriculture in an otherwise arid environment. These rivers enabled the growth of crops such as barley and wheat, which were fundamental for sustaining a stable population and fostering the rise of complex societies. The fertile land between the rivers, known as the Fertile Crescent, became one of the first regions to witness the emergence of urban centers, writing systems, and advanced forms of governance, marking the beginning of civilization.

Additionally, the regular flooding of these rivers brought nutrient-rich silt to the surrounding areas, enhancing agricultural productivity. This abundance of food allowed for population growth and the development of trade relationships with neighboring regions, further enriching the cultural and economic landscape of Mesopotamia.

In contrast, the other options, such as the Nile River, while significant for Egyptian civilization, did not directly influence Mesopotamia. The Amazon Rainforest and the Great Lakes also lack relevance to Mesopotamian development, as they are geographically and environmentally distinct from the regions where Mesopotamian societies flourished.