Who was Martin Luther and what did he initiate?

Martin Luther was a pivotal figure in European history, particularly recognized for his role in the Protestant Reformation. As a German monk, Luther challenged the practices and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, primarily through his famous document known as the "Ninety-Five Theses." This work criticized the church's sale of indulgences and sought to address what he perceived as corruption within the institution. Luther's actions led to a significant religious movement that sought to reform Christianity and resulted in the establishment of various Protestant denominations.

His insistence on the authority of the Bible over church traditions and the belief that salvation is achieved through faith alone were foundational aspects of his teachings. Luther's influence extended beyond theology; it sparked widespread social and political change throughout Europe, as people began to question and challenge the established church authority, leading to significant transformations in society.

In contrast, the other options pertain to different historical figures and movements. The philosopher mentioned influenced the Enlightenment, which pertains to a different intellectual movement focused on reason and individualism. The king referenced in one choice is associated with the political and religious changes in England, which, while important, occurred as a separate event from Luther's activities. Lastly, the scientist option relates to the Scientific Revolution, which involved advances